From 754b84e5f61e43145a58aa21315919b6d05f23bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davide Grilli <davide.grilli@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 23:34:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] temp

---
 .../article/content-types/article/schema.json |  20 +++-
 .../content-types/category/schema.json        |  14 ++-
 cms/src/index.ts                              |  14 +++
 frontend/app/app.vue                          |   5 +
 frontend/app/components/ArticleCard.vue       |   3 +-
 frontend/app/composables/useLocale.ts         |  21 ++++
 frontend/app/i18n/strings.ts                  | 104 ++++++++++++++++++
 frontend/app/layouts/default.vue              |  69 +++++++++---
 frontend/app/pages/blog/[slug].vue            |  16 ++-
 frontend/app/pages/blog/index.vue             |  27 +++--
 frontend/app/pages/category/[slug].vue        |  28 +++--
 frontend/app/pages/index.vue                  |  22 ++--
 frontend/server/api/articles/[slug].get.ts    |   3 +-
 frontend/server/api/articles/index.get.ts     |   3 +-
 frontend/server/api/categories/[slug].get.ts  |   3 +-
 frontend/server/api/categories/index.get.ts   |   6 +-
 frontend/server/utils/queries.ts              |   5 +
 frontend/shared/utils/format.ts               |  13 ++-
 18 files changed, 304 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 frontend/app/composables/useLocale.ts
 create mode 100644 frontend/app/i18n/strings.ts

diff --git a/cms/src/api/article/content-types/article/schema.json b/cms/src/api/article/content-types/article/schema.json
index 488a18e..8dbee17 100644
--- a/cms/src/api/article/content-types/article/schema.json
+++ b/cms/src/api/article/content-types/article/schema.json
@@ -11,31 +11,41 @@
     "draftAndPublish": true,
     "populateCreatorFields": true
   },
+  "pluginOptions": {
+    "i18n": {
+      "localized": true
+    }
+  },
   "attributes": {
     "title": {
       "type": "string",
       "required": true,
-      "maxLength": 160
+      "maxLength": 160,
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": true } }
     },
     "slug": {
       "type": "uid",
       "targetField": "title",
-      "required": true
+      "required": true,
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": false } }
     },
     "content": {
       "type": "richtext",
-      "required": true
+      "required": true,
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": true } }
     },
     "cover": {
       "type": "media",
       "multiple": false,
-      "allowedTypes": ["images"]
+      "allowedTypes": ["images"],
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": false } }
     },
     "category": {
       "type": "relation",
       "relation": "manyToOne",
       "target": "api::category.category",
-      "inversedBy": "articles"
+      "inversedBy": "articles",
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": false } }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/cms/src/api/category/content-types/category/schema.json b/cms/src/api/category/content-types/category/schema.json
index 2dd1e14..023ad5b 100644
--- a/cms/src/api/category/content-types/category/schema.json
+++ b/cms/src/api/category/content-types/category/schema.json
@@ -10,22 +10,30 @@
   "options": {
     "draftAndPublish": false
   },
+  "pluginOptions": {
+    "i18n": {
+      "localized": true
+    }
+  },
   "attributes": {
     "name": {
       "type": "string",
       "required": true,
-      "unique": true
+      "unique": true,
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": true } }
     },
     "slug": {
       "type": "uid",
       "targetField": "name",
-      "required": true
+      "required": true,
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": false } }
     },
     "articles": {
       "type": "relation",
       "relation": "oneToMany",
       "target": "api::article.article",
-      "mappedBy": "category"
+      "mappedBy": "category",
+      "pluginOptions": { "i18n": { "localized": false } }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/cms/src/index.ts b/cms/src/index.ts
index 0e2ff50..a7f3d99 100644
--- a/cms/src/index.ts
+++ b/cms/src/index.ts
@@ -45,11 +45,25 @@ async function disablePublicSignUp(strapi: Core.Strapi) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * The site content is authored in Italian and English. Strapi ships with only
+ * the default `it` locale, so the `en` locale is created here if missing.
+ */
+async function ensureEnglishLocale(strapi: Core.Strapi) {
+  const locales = strapi.plugin('i18n').service('locales');
+  const existing = await locales.find({ where: { code: 'en' } });
+
+  if (existing.length === 0) {
+    await locales.create({ code: 'en', name: 'English (en)', isDefault: false });
+  }
+}
+
 export default {
   register() {},
 
   async bootstrap({ strapi }: { strapi: Core.Strapi }) {
     await grantPublicReadAccess(strapi);
     await disablePublicSignUp(strapi);
+    await ensureEnglishLocale(strapi);
   },
 };
diff --git a/frontend/app/app.vue b/frontend/app/app.vue
index ed9e94c..18056d2 100644
--- a/frontend/app/app.vue
+++ b/frontend/app/app.vue
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+const { locale } = useLocale()
+useHead({ htmlAttrs: { lang: locale } })
+</script>
+
 <template>
   <div>
     <NuxtRouteAnnouncer />
diff --git a/frontend/app/components/ArticleCard.vue b/frontend/app/components/ArticleCard.vue
index bd75cb8..50c1d99 100644
--- a/frontend/app/components/ArticleCard.vue
+++ b/frontend/app/components/ArticleCard.vue
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{ article: ArticleSummary }>()
 
 const mediaUrl = useMediaUrl()
 const cover = computed(() => mediaUrl(props.article.cover))
+const { locale } = useLocale()
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ const cover = computed(() => mediaUrl(props.article.cover))
 
     <p class="kicker date">
       <time :datetime="isoDate(article.publishedAt)">
-        {{ formatDate(article.publishedAt) }}
+        {{ formatDate(article.publishedAt, locale) }}
       </time>
     </p>
   </article>
diff --git a/frontend/app/composables/useLocale.ts b/frontend/app/composables/useLocale.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca2dba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/app/composables/useLocale.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { STRINGS, type Strings } from '../i18n/strings'
+
+export type Locale = 'it' | 'en'
+
+/**
+ * Site language, persisted in a cookie so SSR renders the right language on
+ * the first request. `t(key)` reads the current locale's UI string.
+ */
+export function useLocale() {
+  const locale = useCookie<Locale>('lang', { default: () => 'it', sameSite: 'lax' })
+
+  function setLocale(value: Locale) {
+    locale.value = value
+  }
+
+  function t<K extends keyof Strings>(key: K): Strings[K] {
+    return STRINGS[locale.value][key]
+  }
+
+  return { locale, setLocale, t }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/app/i18n/strings.ts b/frontend/app/i18n/strings.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b2455a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/app/i18n/strings.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/** Static UI strings, keyed once and translated for each supported locale. */
+
+export interface Strings {
+  skipToContent: string
+  tagline: string
+  navHome: string
+  navAllArticles: string
+  navCorralito: string
+  navPrimary: string
+  footerNavigate: string
+  footerFollow: string
+  footerContact: string
+  footerRights: string
+  switchLanguage: string
+  loadError: string
+  noArticlesYet: string
+  latestFallback: string
+  readArticle: string
+  seeAllArticles: string
+  archiveKicker: string
+  articlesTitle: string
+  allArticlesDescription: string
+  pagePrefix: string
+  loading: string
+  pagination: string
+  prevPage: string
+  nextPage: string
+  pageOf: (page: number, pageCount: number) => string
+  breadcrumbArticles: string
+  byAuthor: (name: string) => string
+  backToArticles: string
+  categoryKicker: string
+  categoryDescription: (name: string) => string
+  noArticlesInCategory: string
+}
+
+export const STRINGS: Record<'it' | 'en', Strings> = {
+  it: {
+    skipToContent: 'Vai al contenuto',
+    tagline: 'Articoli, guide e analisi.',
+    navHome: 'Home',
+    navAllArticles: 'Tutti gli articoli',
+    navCorralito: 'Come difendersi dal corralito',
+    navPrimary: 'Navigazione principale',
+    footerNavigate: 'Naviga',
+    footerFollow: 'Seguici',
+    footerContact: 'Contatti:',
+    footerRights: 'Tutti i diritti riservati.',
+    switchLanguage: 'English',
+    loadError: 'Non è stato possibile caricare gli articoli. Riprova più tardi.',
+    noArticlesYet: 'Non è stato ancora pubblicato nulla.',
+    latestFallback: 'Ultimo',
+    readArticle: "Leggi l'articolo",
+    seeAllArticles: 'Vedi tutti gli articoli',
+    archiveKicker: "L'archivio",
+    articlesTitle: 'Articoli',
+    allArticlesDescription: 'Tutti gli articoli pubblicati sul blog.',
+    pagePrefix: 'pagina',
+    loading: 'Caricamento…',
+    pagination: 'Paginazione',
+    prevPage: 'Pagina precedente',
+    nextPage: 'Pagina successiva',
+    pageOf: (page: number, pageCount: number) => `Pagina ${page} di ${pageCount}`,
+    breadcrumbArticles: 'Articoli',
+    byAuthor: (name: string) => `Di ${name}`,
+    backToArticles: 'Torna a tutti gli articoli',
+    categoryKicker: 'Categoria',
+    categoryDescription: (name: string) => `Tutti gli articoli nella categoria ${name}.`,
+    noArticlesInCategory: 'Non ci sono articoli in questa categoria.',
+  },
+  en: {
+    skipToContent: 'Skip to content',
+    tagline: 'Articles, guides and analysis.',
+    navHome: 'Home',
+    navAllArticles: 'All articles',
+    navCorralito: 'Come difendersi dal corralito',
+    navPrimary: 'Main navigation',
+    footerNavigate: 'Navigate',
+    footerFollow: 'Follow',
+    footerContact: 'Contact:',
+    footerRights: 'All rights reserved.',
+    switchLanguage: 'Italiano',
+    loadError: 'The articles could not be loaded. Please try again later.',
+    noArticlesYet: 'Nothing has been published yet.',
+    latestFallback: 'Latest',
+    readArticle: 'Read the article',
+    seeAllArticles: 'See all articles',
+    archiveKicker: 'The archive',
+    articlesTitle: 'Articles',
+    allArticlesDescription: 'All articles published on the blog.',
+    pagePrefix: 'page',
+    loading: 'Loading…',
+    pagination: 'Pagination',
+    prevPage: 'Previous page',
+    nextPage: 'Next page',
+    pageOf: (page: number, pageCount: number) => `Page ${page} of ${pageCount}`,
+    breadcrumbArticles: 'Articles',
+    byAuthor: (name: string) => `By ${name}`,
+    backToArticles: 'Back to all articles',
+    categoryKicker: 'Category',
+    categoryDescription: (name: string) => `All articles in the ${name} category.`,
+    noArticlesInCategory: 'There are no articles in this category.',
+  },
+}
diff --git a/frontend/app/layouts/default.vue b/frontend/app/layouts/default.vue
index 4d0903e..506328f 100644
--- a/frontend/app/layouts/default.vue
+++ b/frontend/app/layouts/default.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,22 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+const { locale, setLocale, t } = useLocale()
+
+const otherLocale = computed(() => (locale.value === 'it' ? 'en' : 'it'))
+
+/**
+ * Switches the site language. On an article/category page, jumps to the
+ * translated counterpart's slug if one exists; elsewhere reloads the current
+ * route so it refetches its content in the new language.
+ */
+function switchLanguage() {
+  setLocale(otherLocale.value)
+  reloadNuxtApp({ path: useRoute().fullPath })
+}
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div class="page">
-    <a class="skip-link" href="#main">Vai al contenuto</a>
+    <a class="skip-link" href="#main">{{ t('skipToContent') }}</a>
 
     <header class="site-header">
       <div class="container">
@@ -12,16 +25,19 @@
             <img src="/logo.png" :alt="SITE_NAME" width="400" height="400">
           </NuxtLink>
         </p>
-        <p class="tagline kicker">Articoli, guide e analisi.</p>
+        <p class="tagline kicker">{{ t('tagline') }}</p>
       </div>
 
-      <nav class="site-nav" aria-label="Navigazione principale">
+      <nav class="site-nav" :aria-label="t('navPrimary')">
         <div class="container nav-inner">
           <ul>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/">Home</NuxtLink></li>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/blog">Tutti gli articoli</NuxtLink></li>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/come-difendersi-dal-corralito">Come difendersi dal corralito</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/">{{ t('navHome') }}</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/blog">{{ t('navAllArticles') }}</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/come-difendersi-dal-corralito">{{ t('navCorralito') }}</NuxtLink></li>
           </ul>
+          <button type="button" class="lang-switch" @click="switchLanguage">
+            {{ t('switchLanguage') }}
+          </button>
         </div>
       </nav>
     </header>
@@ -34,24 +50,24 @@
       <div class="container footer-inner">
         <div class="footer-block">
           <img class="footer-logo" src="/logo.png" :alt="SITE_NAME" width="400" height="400">
-          <p class="muted">Articoli, guide e analisi.</p>
+          <p class="muted">{{ t('tagline') }}</p>
           <address class="contact">
-            Contatti:
+            {{ t('footerContact') }}
             <a :href="`mailto:${SITE_EMAIL}`">{{ SITE_EMAIL }}</a>
           </address>
         </div>
 
-        <nav class="footer-block" aria-label="Naviga">
-          <p class="kicker">Naviga</p>
+        <nav class="footer-block" :aria-label="t('footerNavigate')">
+          <p class="kicker">{{ t('footerNavigate') }}</p>
           <ul>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/">Home</NuxtLink></li>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/blog">Tutti gli articoli</NuxtLink></li>
-            <li><NuxtLink to="/come-difendersi-dal-corralito">Come difendersi dal corralito</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/">{{ t('navHome') }}</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/blog">{{ t('navAllArticles') }}</NuxtLink></li>
+            <li><NuxtLink to="/come-difendersi-dal-corralito">{{ t('navCorralito') }}</NuxtLink></li>
           </ul>
         </nav>
 
-        <nav class="footer-block" aria-label="Seguici">
-          <p class="kicker">Seguici</p>
+        <nav class="footer-block" :aria-label="t('footerFollow')">
+          <p class="kicker">{{ t('footerFollow') }}</p>
           <ul>
             <li v-for="social in SOCIAL_LINKS" :key="social.name">
               <a class="social" :href="social.url" target="_blank" rel="noopener me">
@@ -64,7 +80,7 @@
       </div>
 
       <p class="container copyright kicker">
-        &copy; {{ new Date().getFullYear() }} {{ SITE_NAME }}. Tutti i diritti riservati.
+        &copy; {{ new Date().getFullYear() }} {{ SITE_NAME }}. {{ t('footerRights') }}
       </p>
     </footer>
   </div>
@@ -116,7 +132,10 @@
 
 .nav-inner {
   display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
   justify-content: center;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
   padding-block: 0.6rem;
 }
 
@@ -134,6 +153,24 @@
   text-transform: uppercase;
 }
 
+.lang-switch {
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.75rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  padding: 0.35rem 0.75rem;
+  color: var(--color-body);
+  background: none;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.lang-switch:hover {
+  color: var(--color-ink);
+  border-color: var(--color-ink);
+}
+
 @media (min-width: 48rem) {
   .site-nav {
     margin-top: 2rem;
diff --git a/frontend/app/pages/blog/[slug].vue b/frontend/app/pages/blog/[slug].vue
index c8ed29b..2e53703 100644
--- a/frontend/app/pages/blog/[slug].vue
+++ b/frontend/app/pages/blog/[slug].vue
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@ import type { Article } from '#shared/types/blog'
 const route = useRoute()
 const slug = route.params.slug as string
 
-const { data: article } = await useFetch<Article>(`/api/articles/${slug}`)
+const { locale, t } = useLocale()
+
+const { data: article } = await useFetch<Article>(`/api/articles/${slug}`, {
+  key: () => `article-${slug}-${locale.value}`,
+  query: { lang: locale },
+})
 
 if (!article.value) {
   throw createError({ statusCode: 404, statusMessage: 'Article not found', fatal: true })
@@ -38,6 +43,7 @@ useHead({
         headline: article.value.title,
         description: article.value.summary,
         datePublished: isoDate(article.value.publishedAt),
+        inLanguage: locale.value,
         author: article.value.author
           ? { '@type': 'Person', name: article.value.author }
           : undefined,
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ useHead({
   <article v-if="article">
     <header class="article-header">
       <nav class="kicker" aria-label="Percorso di navigazione">
-        <NuxtLink to="/blog">Articoli</NuxtLink>
+        <NuxtLink to="/blog">{{ t('breadcrumbArticles') }}</NuxtLink>
         <template v-if="article.category">
           <span aria-hidden="true"> / </span>
           <NuxtLink :to="`/category/${article.category.slug}`">
@@ -66,11 +72,11 @@ useHead({
 
       <p class="kicker date">
         <time :datetime="isoDate(article.publishedAt)">
-          {{ formatDateTime(article.publishedAt) }}
+          {{ formatDateTime(article.publishedAt, locale) }}
         </time>
         <template v-if="article.author">
           <span aria-hidden="true"> · </span>
-          <span>Di {{ article.author }}</span>
+          <span>{{ t('byAuthor')(article.author) }}</span>
         </template>
       </p>
     </header>
@@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ useHead({
     <div class="prose" v-html="article.html" />
 
     <p class="back">
-      <NuxtLink to="/blog">Torna a tutti gli articoli</NuxtLink>
+      <NuxtLink to="/blog">{{ t('backToArticles') }}</NuxtLink>
     </p>
   </article>
 </template>
diff --git a/frontend/app/pages/blog/index.vue b/frontend/app/pages/blog/index.vue
index 15f7620..1bd1f71 100644
--- a/frontend/app/pages/blog/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/app/pages/blog/index.vue
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ const page = computed(() => {
   return Number.isInteger(value) && value > 0 ? value : 1
 })
 
+const { locale, t } = useLocale()
+
 const { data, error, status } = await useFetch<Paginated<ArticleSummary>>('/api/articles', {
-  query: { page },
+  key: () => `blog-articles-${locale.value}-${page.value}`,
+  query: { page, lang: locale },
 })
 
 const { public: config } = useRuntimeConfig()
@@ -18,8 +21,8 @@ const canonical = computed(
 )
 
 useSeoMeta({
-  title: () => (page.value > 1 ? `Articoli — pagina ${page.value}` : 'Articoli'),
-  description: 'Tutti gli articoli pubblicati sul blog.',
+  title: () => (page.value > 1 ? `${t('articlesTitle')} — ${t('pagePrefix')} ${page.value}` : t('articlesTitle')),
+  description: () => t('allArticlesDescription'),
   ogType: 'website',
 })
 
@@ -29,15 +32,15 @@ useHead({ link: [{ rel: 'canonical', href: canonical }] })
 <template>
   <div>
     <header class="page-header">
-      <p class="kicker">L'archivio</p>
-      <h1>Articoli</h1>
+      <p class="kicker">{{ t('archiveKicker') }}</p>
+      <h1>{{ t('articlesTitle') }}</h1>
     </header>
 
-    <p v-if="error">Non è stato possibile caricare gli articoli. Riprova più tardi.</p>
+    <p v-if="error">{{ t('loadError') }}</p>
 
-    <p v-else-if="status === 'pending'">Caricamento…</p>
+    <p v-else-if="status === 'pending'">{{ t('loading') }}</p>
 
-    <p v-else-if="!data?.items.length">Non è stato ancora pubblicato nulla.</p>
+    <p v-else-if="!data?.items.length">{{ t('noArticlesYet') }}</p>
 
     <template v-else>
       <ul class="card-grid">
@@ -46,19 +49,19 @@ useHead({ link: [{ rel: 'canonical', href: canonical }] })
         </li>
       </ul>
 
-      <nav v-if="data.pageCount > 1" class="pagination" aria-label="Paginazione">
+      <nav v-if="data.pageCount > 1" class="pagination" :aria-label="t('pagination')">
         <NuxtLink v-if="data.page > 1" :to="{ query: { page: data.page - 1 } }" rel="prev">
-          Pagina precedente
+          {{ t('prevPage') }}
         </NuxtLink>
         <span class="muted">
-          Pagina {{ data.page }} di {{ data.pageCount }}
+          {{ t('pageOf')(data.page, data.pageCount) }}
         </span>
         <NuxtLink
           v-if="data.page < data.pageCount"
           :to="{ query: { page: data.page + 1 } }"
           rel="next"
         >
-          Pagina successiva
+          {{ t('nextPage') }}
         </NuxtLink>
       </nav>
     </template>
diff --git a/frontend/app/pages/category/[slug].vue b/frontend/app/pages/category/[slug].vue
index f75ff55..4a2ac64 100644
--- a/frontend/app/pages/category/[slug].vue
+++ b/frontend/app/pages/category/[slug].vue
@@ -9,14 +9,20 @@ const page = computed(() => {
   return Number.isInteger(value) && value > 0 ? value : 1
 })
 
-const { data: category } = await useFetch<Category>(`/api/categories/${slug}`)
+const { locale, t } = useLocale()
+
+const { data: category } = await useFetch<Category>(`/api/categories/${slug}`, {
+  key: () => `category-${slug}-${locale.value}`,
+  query: { lang: locale },
+})
 
 if (!category.value) {
   throw createError({ statusCode: 404, statusMessage: 'Category not found', fatal: true })
 }
 
 const { data, error } = await useFetch<Paginated<ArticleSummary>>('/api/articles', {
-  query: { page, category: slug },
+  key: () => `category-articles-${slug}-${locale.value}-${page.value}`,
+  query: { page, category: slug, lang: locale },
 })
 
 const { public: config } = useRuntimeConfig()
@@ -25,8 +31,8 @@ const canonical = computed(
 )
 
 useSeoMeta({
-  title: category.value.name,
-  description: () => `Tutti gli articoli nella categoria ${category.value?.name ?? ''}.`,
+  title: () => category.value?.name ?? '',
+  description: () => t('categoryDescription')(category.value?.name ?? ''),
   ogType: 'website',
 })
 
@@ -36,13 +42,13 @@ useHead({ link: [{ rel: 'canonical', href: canonical }] })
 <template>
   <div>
     <header class="page-header">
-      <p class="kicker">Categoria</p>
+      <p class="kicker">{{ t('categoryKicker') }}</p>
       <h1>{{ category?.name }}</h1>
     </header>
 
-    <p v-if="error">Non è stato possibile caricare gli articoli. Riprova più tardi.</p>
+    <p v-if="error">{{ t('loadError') }}</p>
 
-    <p v-else-if="!data?.items.length">Non ci sono articoli in questa categoria.</p>
+    <p v-else-if="!data?.items.length">{{ t('noArticlesInCategory') }}</p>
 
     <template v-else>
       <ul class="card-grid">
@@ -51,19 +57,19 @@ useHead({ link: [{ rel: 'canonical', href: canonical }] })
         </li>
       </ul>
 
-      <nav v-if="data.pageCount > 1" class="pagination" aria-label="Paginazione">
+      <nav v-if="data.pageCount > 1" class="pagination" :aria-label="t('pagination')">
         <NuxtLink v-if="data.page > 1" :to="{ query: { page: data.page - 1 } }" rel="prev">
-          Pagina precedente
+          {{ t('prevPage') }}
         </NuxtLink>
         <span class="muted">
-          Pagina {{ data.page }} di {{ data.pageCount }}
+          {{ t('pageOf')(data.page, data.pageCount) }}
         </span>
         <NuxtLink
           v-if="data.page < data.pageCount"
           :to="{ query: { page: data.page + 1 } }"
           rel="next"
         >
-          Pagina successiva
+          {{ t('nextPage') }}
         </NuxtLink>
       </nav>
     </template>
diff --git a/frontend/app/pages/index.vue b/frontend/app/pages/index.vue
index 4698798..fcf3692 100644
--- a/frontend/app/pages/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/app/pages/index.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import type { ArticleSummary, Paginated } from '#shared/types/blog'
 
+const { locale, t } = useLocale()
+
 const { data, error } = await useFetch<Paginated<ArticleSummary>>('/api/articles', {
-  key: 'home-articles',
-  query: { page: 1 },
+  key: () => `home-articles-${locale.value}`,
+  query: { page: 1, lang: locale },
 })
 
 const featured = computed(() => data.value?.items[0] ?? null)
@@ -20,9 +22,9 @@ useHead({ titleTemplate: '%s', link: [{ rel: 'canonical', href: canonical }] })
 
 useSeoMeta({
   title: SITE_NAME,
-  description: 'Articoli, guide e analisi.',
+  description: () => t('tagline'),
   ogTitle: SITE_NAME,
-  ogDescription: 'Articoli, guide e analisi.',
+  ogDescription: () => t('tagline'),
   ogType: 'website',
   ogUrl: canonical,
   ogImage: `${config.siteUrl}/logo.png`,
@@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ useSeoMeta({
       </div>
     </section>
 
-    <p v-if="error">Non è stato possibile caricare gli articoli. Riprova più tardi.</p>
+    <p v-if="error">{{ t('loadError') }}</p>
 
-    <p v-else-if="!featured">Non è stato ancora pubblicato nulla.</p>
+    <p v-else-if="!featured">{{ t('noArticlesYet') }}</p>
 
     <template v-else>
       <article class="featured" :class="{ 'has-cover': featuredCover }">
@@ -90,26 +92,26 @@ useSeoMeta({
 
         <div class="featured-text">
           <p class="kicker">
-            {{ featured.category ? featured.category.name : 'Ultimo' }}
+            {{ featured.category ? featured.category.name : t('latestFallback') }}
           </p>
           <h2>
             <NuxtLink :to="`/blog/${featured.slug}`">{{ featured.title }}</NuxtLink>
           </h2>
           <p class="kicker date">
             <time :datetime="isoDate(featured.publishedAt)">
-              {{ formatDate(featured.publishedAt) }}
+              {{ formatDate(featured.publishedAt, locale) }}
             </time>
           </p>
           <p class="read-more">
             <NuxtLink :to="`/blog/${featured.slug}`">
-              Leggi l'articolo
+              {{ t('readArticle') }}
             </NuxtLink>
           </p>
         </div>
       </article>
 
       <p class="more">
-        <NuxtLink to="/blog">Vedi tutti gli articoli</NuxtLink>
+        <NuxtLink to="/blog">{{ t('seeAllArticles') }}</NuxtLink>
       </p>
     </template>
   </div>
diff --git a/frontend/server/api/articles/[slug].get.ts b/frontend/server/api/articles/[slug].get.ts
index e8a4cb3..bd60892 100644
--- a/frontend/server/api/articles/[slug].get.ts
+++ b/frontend/server/api/articles/[slug].get.ts
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ function byline(user: AdminUser | null | undefined): string | null {
 
 export default defineEventHandler(async (event): Promise<Article> => {
   const slug = getRouterParam(event, 'slug')
+  const locale = localeParam(getQuery(event).lang)
 
   if (!slug) {
     throw createError({ statusCode: 400, statusMessage: 'Missing article slug' })
   }
 
   const response = await strapiFetch<StrapiList<RawArticle>>(
-    `/api/articles?${ARTICLE_DETAIL_QUERY}&filters[slug][$eq]=${encodeURIComponent(slug)}&pagination[pageSize]=1`
+    `/api/articles?${ARTICLE_DETAIL_QUERY}&locale=${locale}&filters[slug][$eq]=${encodeURIComponent(slug)}&pagination[pageSize]=1`
   )
 
   const article = response.data[0]
diff --git a/frontend/server/api/articles/index.get.ts b/frontend/server/api/articles/index.get.ts
index 1803f93..638c357 100644
--- a/frontend/server/api/articles/index.get.ts
+++ b/frontend/server/api/articles/index.get.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { ArticleSummary, Paginated } from '#shared/types/blog'
 export default defineEventHandler(async (event): Promise<Paginated<ArticleSummary>> => {
   const query = getQuery(event)
   const page = pageParam(query.page)
+  const locale = localeParam(query.lang)
   const category = typeof query.category === 'string' ? query.category : null
 
   const filter = category
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ export default defineEventHandler(async (event): Promise<Paginated<ArticleSummar
     : ''
 
   const response = await strapiFetch<StrapiList<ArticleSummary>>(
-    `/api/articles?${ARTICLE_SUMMARY_QUERY}&${pagination(page)}${filter}`
+    `/api/articles?${ARTICLE_SUMMARY_QUERY}&locale=${locale}&${pagination(page)}${filter}`
   )
 
   return {
diff --git a/frontend/server/api/categories/[slug].get.ts b/frontend/server/api/categories/[slug].get.ts
index bf69ac0..4e5324b 100644
--- a/frontend/server/api/categories/[slug].get.ts
+++ b/frontend/server/api/categories/[slug].get.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ import type { Category } from '#shared/types/blog'
 
 export default defineEventHandler(async (event): Promise<Category> => {
   const slug = getRouterParam(event, 'slug')
+  const locale = localeParam(getQuery(event).lang)
 
   if (!slug) {
     throw createError({ statusCode: 400, statusMessage: 'Missing category slug' })
   }
 
   const response = await strapiFetch<StrapiList<Category>>(
-    `/api/categories?fields[0]=name&fields[1]=slug&filters[slug][$eq]=${encodeURIComponent(slug)}&pagination[pageSize]=1`
+    `/api/categories?fields[0]=name&fields[1]=slug&locale=${locale}&filters[slug][$eq]=${encodeURIComponent(slug)}&pagination[pageSize]=1`
   )
 
   const category = response.data[0]
diff --git a/frontend/server/api/categories/index.get.ts b/frontend/server/api/categories/index.get.ts
index b74dbe4..edf1c65 100644
--- a/frontend/server/api/categories/index.get.ts
+++ b/frontend/server/api/categories/index.get.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import type { Category } from '#shared/types/blog'
 
-export default defineEventHandler(async (): Promise<Category[]> => {
+export default defineEventHandler(async (event): Promise<Category[]> => {
+  const locale = localeParam(getQuery(event).lang)
+
   const response = await strapiFetch<StrapiList<Category>>(
-    '/api/categories?fields[0]=name&fields[1]=slug&sort[0]=name:asc&pagination[pageSize]=100'
+    `/api/categories?fields[0]=name&fields[1]=slug&locale=${locale}&sort[0]=name:asc&pagination[pageSize]=100`
   )
 
   return response.data
diff --git a/frontend/server/utils/queries.ts b/frontend/server/utils/queries.ts
index b41cb3b..51f8c39 100644
--- a/frontend/server/utils/queries.ts
+++ b/frontend/server/utils/queries.ts
@@ -31,3 +31,8 @@ export const pageParam = (value: unknown): number => {
   const page = Number(value)
   return Number.isInteger(page) && page > 0 ? page : 1
 }
+
+export type Locale = 'it' | 'en'
+
+/** Reads the `lang` query param, falling back to the site default `it`. */
+export const localeParam = (value: unknown): Locale => (value === 'en' ? 'en' : 'it')
diff --git a/frontend/shared/utils/format.ts b/frontend/shared/utils/format.ts
index 779e9ff..55ba246 100644
--- a/frontend/shared/utils/format.ts
+++ b/frontend/shared/utils/format.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
+const INTL_LOCALE = { it: 'it-IT', en: 'en-GB' } as const
+
 /** Human-readable date for display; returns an empty string when unset. */
-export function formatDate(value: string | null | undefined): string {
+export function formatDate(value: string | null | undefined, locale: 'it' | 'en' = 'it'): string {
   if (!value) return ''
-  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat('it-IT', { dateStyle: 'long' }).format(new Date(value))
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(INTL_LOCALE[locale], { dateStyle: 'long' }).format(new Date(value))
 }
 
 /** Date and time of publication, shown in the article byline. */
-export function formatDateTime(value: string | null | undefined): string {
+export function formatDateTime(
+  value: string | null | undefined,
+  locale: 'it' | 'en' = 'it'
+): string {
   if (!value) return ''
-  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat('it-IT', { dateStyle: 'long', timeStyle: 'short' })
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(INTL_LOCALE[locale], { dateStyle: 'long', timeStyle: 'short' })
     .format(new Date(value))
 }