feat: replace poetry with uv for dependency management

Replace poetry with uv for managing Python dependencies and running
commands across CI workflow.

- Add astral-sh/setup-uv@v5 action to install uv
- Replace all poetry run commands with uv run
- Remove poetry-specific installation steps
- Update Python setup in multiple jobs

.github/scripts/setup.sh

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ sudo chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/tester
 curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- \
      -y --default-toolchain ${RUST_VERSION}
 
+uv sync --all-extras --all-groups
+
 # We also need a relatively recent protobuf-compiler, at least 3.12.0,
 # in order to support the experimental `optional` flag.