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davideandClaude Sonnet 5.5 60aaca3418 Aggiunge le schede delle 59 fonti della bibliografia
Una scheda per fonte in fonti/ (metadati verificati con Crossref/OpenAlex/
Europe PMC, DOI e link, abstract, riassunto del contenuto per le fonti ad
accesso aperto lette, citazioni nella tesi, bibliografia della fonte).
bibliografia.json: campo fonte per ogni voce; CLAUDE.md aggiornato.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-10-09 16:21:10 +02:00

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---
id: 34
anchor: ref-34
stato: verificata
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6_1
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6_1
anno: 1999
rivista: "Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy"
volume: null
pagine: "1-23"
editore: "Springer US"
tipo: book-chapter
autori: ["Joseph R. Lakowicz"]
accesso: closed
licenza: null
pmcid: null
citata_da: 83
argomenti: ["Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques", "Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies", "Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis"]
parole_chiave: ["fluorescence", "fluorescence spectroscopy", "time-resolved fluorescence", "fluorescence in situ hybridization", "flow cytometry", "fluorescence microscopy", "DNA sequencing", "environmental monitoring", "clinical chemistry", "enzyme-linked immunoassay"]
contenuto_letto: no
tags: [fonte, bibliografia]
cited_in_sections: [1.2, 1.2.2, 1.2.3]
---
# [34] Lakowicz (1999) - Introduction to Fluorescence
## Come è scritta nella tesi
Lakowicz, J. R. Introduction to Fluorescence. in *Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy* (ed. Lakowicz, J. R.) 1–23 (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1999). doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6\_1.
## Scheda bibliografica
**Citazione completa:** Lakowicz, J. R. Introduction to Fluorescence. *Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy* **1999**, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6_1
- **Pubblicato in:** Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, pp. 1-23 (1999)
- **Editore:** Springer US · tipo: book-chapter
- **ISBN:** 9781475730630, 9781475730616
- **Data di pubblicazione:** 1999-01-01
- **Lingua:** en
### Autori e affiliazioni
- Joseph R. Lakowicz ([ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-3620)) - University of Maryland, Baltimore
## Stato della verifica
**Verificata (Crossref/OpenAlex)** - fonte dati: Crossref + OpenAlex
**Note e discrepanze**
- Pagine mancanti nella tesi: 1-23.
## Dove trovarla
- **DOI:** https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6_1
- **OpenAlex:** https://openalex.org/W4250055082
- **Accesso:** closed - il testo completo richiede un abbonamento dell'editore o l'acquisto
## Abstract
Non disponibile da fonti aperte.
## Argomenti e parole chiave
- **Argomenti (OpenAlex):** Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques (Biophysics); Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry); Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis (Molecular Biology)
- **Parole chiave:** fluorescence, fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence, fluorescence in situ hybridization, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, DNA sequencing, environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- **Concetti:** Fluorescence, Fluorescence microscope, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Chemistry, Cell sorting
## Contenuto in sintesi
Il testo completo non è ad accesso aperto e non è stato consultato: sono disponibili solo i metadati e l'abstract riportati sopra. Per approfondire, aprire la fonte dal DOI (o tramite biblioteca/abbonamento).
## Come è citata nella tesi
- **Sez. 1.2 Fluorescenza** (`tesi.md` r. 386): Poiché le transizioni radiative verso lo stato fondamentale, che è uno stato di singoletto, sono proibite dalle regole di selezione dello spin, i tempi di vita medi della fosforescenza sono più lunghi, variando generalmente da pochi millisecondi a diversi secondi[34].
- **Sez. 1.2 Fluorescenza** (`tesi.md` r. 413): I dichetopirrolopirroli rientrano perfettamente in questa categoria: grazie al loro scheletro molecolare planare e al vasto sistema di elettroni delocalizzati, il rilassamento vibrazionale è fortemente limitato[34].
- **Sez. 1.2.2 Resa quantica** (`tesi.md` r. 447): A tal fine, la progettazione molecolare gioca un ruolo cruciale: strutture rigide, ricche di insaturazioni, anelli aromatici e funzionalità carboniliche massimizzano la probabilità di emissione[34].
- **Sez. 1.2.3 Tempi di vita** (`tesi.md` r. 476): Ad esempio, esistono dei composti, noti come scintillatori, che presentano rese elevate e tempi di vita brevi (⁓1 ns) grazie ad alti valori di Γ; al contrario, i composti con valori di Knr elevati hanno una fluorescenza debole, ne sono un esempio i composti aromatici con gruppi -NO2.[34]
## Bibliografia della fonte
La fonte cita 30 riferimenti:
- Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 1845, On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 135: 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1845.0004
- Gillispie, C. C. (ed.), 1972, “John Frederick William Herschel,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 6, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, pp. 323–328.
- Undenfriend, S., 1995, Development of the spectrophotofluorometer and its commercialization, Protein Sci. 4: 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560040321
- Martin, B. R., and Richardson, F., 1979, Lanthanides as probes for calcium in biological systems, Q. Rev. Biophys. 12: 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583500002754
- Berlman, I. B. 1971, Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York.
- Jablonski, A., 1935, Über den Mechanisms des Photolumineszenz von Farbstoffphosphoren, Z Phys. 94: 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01330795
- Szudy, J. (ed.), 1998, Born 100 Years Ago: Aleksander Jablorfski (1898–1980), Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Torun, Poland.
- Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut Fizyki, 1978, Acta Physics Polonica, Europhys. J. A65 (6).
- Stokes, G. G., 1852, On the change of refrangibility of light, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 142: 463–562. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1852.0022
- Kasha, M., 1950, Characterization of electronic transitions in complex molecules, Disc. Faraday Soc. 9: 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1039/df9500900014
- Birks, J. B., 1970, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Ref. 11, p. 108.
- Lakowicz, J. R., and Batter, A., 1982, Analysis of excited state processes by phase-modulation fluorescence spectroscopy, Biophys. Chem. 16: 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4622(82)85013-8
- Gafni, A., and Brand, L., 1978, Excited state proton transfer reactions of acridine studied by nanosecond fluorometry, Chem. Phys. Leu. 58: 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(78)85050-7
- Birks, J. B., 1973, Organic Molecular Photophysics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 14.
- Strickler, S. J., and Berg, R. A., 1962, Relationship between absorption intensity and fluorescence lifetime of molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 37: 814–822. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1733166
- Ref. 11, p. 120.
- Föster, Th., 1948, Intermolecular energy migration and fluorescence, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 2:55–75. Translated by R. S. Knox. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19484370105
- Stryer, L., 1978, Fluorescence energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47: 819–846. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.004131
- Lakowicz, J. R., 1995, Fluorescence spectroscopy of biomolecules, in Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology and Molecular Medicine, R. A. Meyers (ed.), VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 294–306.
- Secrist, J. A., Barrio, J. R., and Leonard, N. J., 1972, A fluorescent modification of adenosine triphosphate with activity in enzyme synthesis: 1,N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate, Science 175: 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4022.646
- Scopes, D. I. C., Barrio, J. R., and Leonard, N. J., 1977, Defined dimensional changes in enzyme cofactors: Fluorescent “stretched-out” analogues of adenine nucleotides, Science 195: 296–298. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.188137
- Grell, E., Lewitzki, E., Bremer, C., Kramer-Schmitt, S., Weber, J., and Senior, A. E., 1994, /in-Boons-ATP and -ADP: Versatile fluorescent probes for spectroscopic and biochemical studies, J. Fluoresc. 4(3):247–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01878458
- Smith, L. M., Sanders, J. Z., Kaiser, R. J., Hughes, P., Dodd, C., Connell, C. R., Heiner, C., Kent, S. B. H., and Hood, L. E., 1986, Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis, Nature 321: 674–679. https://doi.org/10.1038/321674a0
- Prober, J. M., Trainor, G. L., Dam, R. J., Hobbs, F. W., Robertson, C. W., Zagursky, R. J., Cocuzza, A. J., Jensen, M. A., and Baumeister, K., 1987, A system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides, Science 238: 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2443975
- Thompson, R. B. (ed.), 1997, Advances in Fluorescence Sensing Technology III, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 2980, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington.
- Lakowicz, J. R. (ed.), 1994, Topics in Fluorescence Spectmscopy, Volume 4, Probe Design and Chemical Sensing, Plenum Press, New York.
- Kasha, M., 1960, Paths of molecular excitation, Radiat. Res. 2: 243–275.
- Lakowicz, J. R., and Weber, G. W., 1973, Quenching of fluorescence by oxygen. A probe for structural fluctuations in macromolecules, Biochemistry 12: 4161–4170. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00745a020
- Hagag, N., Birnbaum, E. R., and Darnall, D. W., 1983, Resonance energy transfer between cysteine-34, tryptophan-214, and tyrosine-411 of human serum albumin, Biochemistry 22: 2420–2427. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00279a018
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## Metriche
- Citata **83** volte (OpenAlex); riferimenti nella fonte: 22
- Citazioni per anno: 2026: 3, 2025: 8, 2024: 5, 2023: 11, 2022: 4, 2021: 10
[Torna alla bibliografia della tesi](../tesi.md#ref-34) · Generata dal catalogo `bibliografia.json` e da Crossref, OpenAlex, Europe PMC.